如何通过道教美术描绘神仙自学道家法术之旅在天然道观开始
道教美术中的神仙描绘:从无形到有象的艺术演变
在东汉末年诞生的道教,作为中国本土宗教,其深植于中华文化的根基之中。它以我国古代原始信仰、巫觋、方术、卜筮为基础,同时吸纳了儒家思想和佛教的一些组织形式。在两千多年的发展历程中,道教成为了中国传统文化不可或缺的一部分,为历代艺匠提供了丰富的创作素材。
《老子想尔注》中提及“道至尊,微而隐,无状形象也;但可以从其诚,不可见知也”,《道德经》第三十二章云“道常无名,朴”,第三十七章又云“道隐无名”。这意味着“道”是一种无法用形象来表达的存在,它是无法被视觉所触及的。因此,在开创之初,道教并不强调对偶像的崇拜,没有对神像进行塑造的情节。
直到南北朝时期,随着对神仙崇拜的兴起,“形像”才逐渐成为重要组成部分。此时佛教礼仪对 道 教产生了影响,而佛教造像是绘画艺术高度发达,对后世 道 教 美 术 提供了极大的推动力。
学者陈国符在其著作《道藏源流考》附录二《道教形像考原》中指出:“‘王淳《三教论》云:近世 道 士 取 活 无 方 欲 人 归 信 乃 学 佛 家 制 作 形 像 假 号 天 尊 及 左 右 二 真 人 置 之 道 堂 以 凭 衣 食’. 是(刘)宋 代 道 教 已 有 形 像.” 在 《隋书·经籍志》 中 记载 北魏 太 武 帝 时 寇 谦 之 “于 代 都 东 南 起 坛 宇……刻 天 尊 及 诸 仙 之 像 标 supply 焉。” 可 见 道 教 对 神 圣 的 崇 拜 和 利 用 形 象 艺 术 弘 教 布 道 大约 开始 于 南 北 朝 时 期。
自此以后,“所以存真者系想圣容,故以丹青金碧摹图形像”。 Daoists believe that using danqin and gold to depict the "saintly appearance" of gods and immortals is a way to pay homage, seek blessings, and ultimately achieve spiritual cultivation. The depiction of gods and immortals in Daoist art has become an integral part of the religion's practice.
The highest deity in Daoism is the Three Clear Ones, which are derived from the concept of "Dao." They include Yuanshi Tianzun (Primordial Heaven Master), Lingbao Tianzun (Scripture Treasure Heaven Master), and Daode Tianzun (Way-Power Heaven Master). Below them are various officials in heaven, as well as local deities such as Mountain Gods, City Gods, Land Deities, Kitchen Gods, etc. Additionally, Daoism has absorbed various Chinese mythological figures like West Queen Mother and Eight Immortals into its pantheon.
Daoist art emphasizes personification and typification of gods and immortals. During the Wei-Jin period (220-420 AD), Buddhism had conflicts with Daoism several times; this led to Daoism strengthening its promotional efforts for survival purposes. This was when works like Wang Fu's "Laozi Huahu Jing" emerged to elevate Daoism's status. Artistic expression became another means to promote faith during this time.
From then on, reflecting or embodying faith in Taoist gods through paintings or sculptures became a standard procedure within Taoist religious practices. This process eventually developed into a unique form within China's artistic history – Taoist art.
(Adapted from China Ethnic Religious Website)